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Educational and Psychological Measurement
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Correlational Meta-Analysis: Independent and Nonindependent Cases

Susan M. Tracz

California State University, Fresno

Patricia B. Elmore

Southern Illinois University at Carbondale

John T. Pohlmann

Southern Illinois University at Carbondale

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the violation of the assumption of independence when combining correlation coefficients in a meta-analysis. In this Monte Carlo simulation the following four parameters were used with the values specified: N-the sample size within a study (20, 50, 100), p-the number of predictors (1, 2, 3, 5), rho(i)-the population intercorrelation among predictors (0, .3, .7), rho(p)-the population correlation between predictors and criterion (0, .3, .7). When cnly one predictor was used or when the intercorrelation among predictors equaled zero, the assumption of independence was not violated. The assumption of independence was violated when more than one predictor with an intercorrelation exceeding zero were used. Therefore, rho(i) the index of nonindependence was the main parameter of interest. For both r's and Fisher's z's, the means, medians, and standard deviations showed no discernible change over levels of rho(i) or p, but the precision of estimation of the expected values improved as N increased. The 90%, 95%, and 99% confidence intervals for both r's and Fisher's z's showed no change over levels of rho(i) or p, but the intervals narrowed as N increased.

Educational and Psychological Measurement, Vol. 52, No. 4, 879-888 (1992)
DOI: 10.1177/0013164492052004007
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This article has been cited by other articles:


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 Educational and Psychological MeasurementHome page
J. L. Romano and J. D. Kromrey
What Are the Consequences If the Assumption of Independent Observations Is Violated in Reliability Generalization Meta-Analysis Studies?
Educational and Psychological Measurement, June 1, 2009; 69(3): 404 - 428.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Educational and Psychological MeasurementHome page
M. Martinussen and J. F. Bjornstad
Meta-Analysis Calculations Based on Independent and Nonindependent Cases
Educational and Psychological Measurement, December 1, 1999; 59(6): 928 - 950.
[Abstract] [PDF]