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Testing Measurement Models for Factorial Invariance: A Systematic Approach
Roger B. Rensvold
City University of Hong Kong
Gordon W. Cheung
Chinese University of Hong Kong
Comparing different groups (e.g., cultures, age cohorts) using survey-type instruments raises the question of factorial invariance, that is, whether or not members of different groups ascribe the same meanings to survey items. This article attempts to advance multi-group research by (a) providing a concise summary of the factorial invariance problem, (b) proposing a simplified notation intended to facilitate discussion of the problem, and (c) suggesting a structured approach for testing large models. This procedure is illustrated using an extended example. Two computer programs designed to make the recommended procedures less laborious are offered.
Educational and Psychological Measurement, Vol. 58, No. 6,
1017-1034 (1998)
DOI: 10.1177/0013164498058006010
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