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Educational and Psychological Measurement
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Longitudinal Invariance of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale among Girls and Boys in Middle School

Robert W. Motl

University of Georgia, robmotl{at}uiuc.edu

Rod K. Dishman

University of Georgia

Amanda S. Birnbaum

University of Minnesota

Leslie A. Lytle

University of Minnesota

This study tested the longitudinal factorial invariance of a theoretically consistent, higher-order model for Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D) scores among adolescent girls and boys in middle school. Data were collected from 2,416 adolescents who completed a survey containing the CES-D in the fall of 1998, spring of 1999, and spring of 2000. The invariance analyses were conducted using LISREL 8.50 with maximum likelihood estimation and the Satorra-Bentler scaled chi-square statistic and standard errors. The higher-order model demonstrated longitudinal, as well as gender, invariance of the overall factor structure and first- and second-order structure coefficients, first-order factor variances, second-order factor variances and covariances, and item uniquenesses. The results demonstrate that meaningful comparisons of composite CES-D scores can be made across time among girls and boys in middle school.

Key Words: adolescence • CES-D • depression • factorial validity • measurement invariance

Educational and Psychological Measurement, Vol. 65, No. 1, 90-108 (2005)
DOI: 10.1177/0013164404266256
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